Glossary

Leaf litter is the layer of fallen leaves, needles, small twigs, and organic debris that collects naturally on the soil surface beneath trees and shrubs.

In the Santa Cruz Mountains and the San Lorenzo Valley, this layer is meant to remain in place. It protects soil from summer heat, reduces moisture loss during the long dry season, and creates shelter for insects, amphibians, spiders, and other ground-dwelling organisms.

As leaves slowly decompose, they feed fungi, bacteria, and other soil organisms that cycle nutrients back into the soil. This gradual process builds healthy, living soil and sustains the forest floor community that underpins the entire trophic structure.

Leaf litter also provides critical overwintering habitat. Many native insects lay eggs within fallen leaves or use them for protection during vulnerable life stages. When this layer is removed too quickly or too thoroughly, those life cycles are disrupted.

In habitat gardens, allowing leaves to collect beneath native plants helps recreate the natural ground conditions that support resilient ecosystems.

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